• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    A method for creating a composite cable having at least one high performance termination at at least one end is described. a high performance termination is added to the end of a short synthetic member that exerts tensile force. the mechanical strength of the member exerting tensile force and the termination is then tested. once satisfactorily tested, the short cable is spliced into a long cable of the same type using prior art splicing techniques. joining the short cable and the long cable creates a "composite" cable having a high-performance termination at at least one end. in most applications, it is preferable to set the cable length short so that the braided splice exists in a desired location.
    公开号:BR112017016632B1
    申请号:R112017016632-1
    申请日:2016-01-22
    公开日:2021-08-31
    发明作者:Richard V. Campbell；Phillip Bull
    申请人:Richard V. Campbell；Phillip Bull；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Cross Reference With Related Patent Applications
    [001] This non-provisional patent application claims the benefit of a previously filed provisional patent application. The first provisional patent application was assigned serial number 61/934,170, listed for the same inventor. Technical Field
    [002] This invention refers to the field of limbs that exert tensile strength. More specifically, the invention comprises a method for creating a long cable with a high performance termination or terminations, which can be pre-tested using equipment that is limited to testing shorter cables. Background of the Invention
    [003] Members that exert tensile strength generally must be connected to other components to be useful. A flexible cable provides a good example. The cable must generally include some type of end fitting so that it can carry a load. For example, a cable used on a crane usually includes a lifting hook at its free end. This lifting hook can be attached to a load. The assembly of an end fitting and the portion of the cable to which it is connected is often called a "termination".
    [004] A robust steel lifting hook is commonly attached to a steel cable to create a termination. A pear-type socket is often used to create the termination. The pear-type socket surrounds an expansion cavity within the end fitting. A certain length of wire rope slides into this cavity, and the individual wires are separated or spread out. A liquid potting compound is then introduced into the expansion cavity, with the wires in place. The liquid potting compound turns solid over time and thus locks the wire rope in the cavity.
    [005] The encapsulating compound used in a pear-type socket is traditionally molten lead, and more recently it is most likely a high strength epoxy resin. However, the term "encapsulation compound" as used in this description means any substance that changes from a liquid to a solid state over time. Examples include molten lead, thermoplastics, thermosetting or UV-cured resins (such as epoxy resins or two-part polyesters). Other examples include plasters, ceramics and cements. The term "solid" is by no means limited to an ordered crystal structure as found in most metals. In the context of this invention, the term "solid" indicates a state in which the material does not significantly flow under the influence of gravity.
    Prior art approaches referring to the addition of a termination are explained in detail in US Patent No. 7,237,336, owned by the same Applicant, which is hereby incorporated by reference. An exemplary termination is shown in figs. 1 to 4. Fig. 1 illustrates a cable 10 made of high strength advanced synthetic filaments. Many different materials are used for these filaments. They include KEVLAR, VECTRAN, PBO, DYNEEMA, SPECTRA, TECHNORA, ZYLON, fiberglass and carbon vibrates (among many others). In general, the individual filaments are thinner than human hair. The filaments are very strong in terms of tension, but not very rigid. They also tend to have low surface friction.
    [007] To obtain a strong and reproducible result, the addition of an end fitting to a rope made of high strength synthetic filaments generally must be done under controlled conditions such as those found in a factory. This is particularly true for medium to large end fittings configured for a cable having an overall diameter greater than 20 mm and sometimes being considerably larger.
    [008] An end fitting is most commonly coupled to a larger synthetic filament cable through encapsulation. Liquid encapsulating compound (such as an epoxy resin or polyester) is added to a cavity in the socket after a certain length of filaments have been placed into the socket. It is preferable to keep the components in a stable configuration while the encapsulating compound cures - which can take 12 hours or more. Preferably, temperature and other variables are controlled during this process, as are the properties of the encapsulating compound itself.
    [009] A properly mated end fitting creates a very strong termination. However, in many applications, the mechanical strength of the termination must be tested. Examples of applications include lifting ropes and mooring ropes, where known and predictable mechanical strength is very important. This requirement creates challenges in the synthetic filament rope field as conventional testing equipment designed for steel rope and other conventional filaments does not work well. Specialized testing equipment for synthetic cables does exist but tends to have limited length capacity.
    [010] It is desirable to use synthetic filament ropes to replace steel ropes and other conventional ropes, but for this the synthetic filament ropes must have an equivalent useful length. Wire ropes can be 1,000 meters or more in length, and the test equipment will not accommodate wide and/or long ropes.
    [011] Some prior art techniques pave the way for a solution to these and other problems. It is already known to join multi-wire cables using braiding methods. In these methods, connections are made by interweaving the wires from one section of cable with the wires from another section of cable (sometimes the sections are on the same cable, and sometimes not).
    [012] Fig. 1 shows an exemplary prior art operation. Cable 10 includes eight individual strands of synthetic filaments. Each strand can contain a million or more individual filaments, but prior art braiding operations break up the cable, at most, at the level of the strands. The cable 10 illustration is representative rather than entirely accurate. The example shown has 8 separate wires. The strands would normally be braided with two pairs of strands in a left helix and two pairs of strands in a right helix.
    [013] The purpose of the example shown in figs. 1 and 2 is to braid a length of cable back on itself to form a "eye" at the end of the cable. Considerable mechanical skill and dexterity are required to form a loop at the end of a cable and, in other instances, to join (splice) lengths of cables. However, people who possess these skills are commonly found in industries where large cables are used. In addition, the mechanical strength and reliability of cable splices made by these people is well understood and accepted.
    [014] In fig. 1, a certain length of the wires near the ends of the cable is unbraided to create spread and separated wires 14. The end of the cable is folded into a "loop" or loop, sometimes around a reinforcing element such as a shoe 12 Fig. 2 shows the continuation of the operation. The braiding of the ropes within the cable is loosened so that the separate strands can be braided back into the cable in a prescribed pattern. The braided section 24 is thus created. The loose ends of the separate strands 14 are eventually cut (after a sufficiently robust braided section 24 has been created) and tape-wrapped or otherwise secured.
    [015] The result is the eye splice 16 at one end of the cable 10. The eye splice works. However, it is not a particularly efficient termination. In this context, “efficiency” indicates the relationship between the breaking strength of the complete cable, with the termination coupled, and the breaking strength for a single individual synthetic filament. A perfectly efficient cable would be 100% efficient. Obviously, this is not possible. A splice with an eye like the one shown in fig. 2, it will normally have an efficiency below 70%.
    [016] On the other hand, high performance terminations can be created. Fig. 3 - a sectional view - shows an example of high performance termination. Anchor 18 includes an internal cavity 20. A length of strands of cable 10 is placed within this cavity. Preferably, the wires are separated in some form of expansion cavity (although other techniques can be used). A liquid encapsulating compound is placed into the cavity (before, during or after the wires are added).
    [017] The liquid encapsulating compound turns to a solid over time to create the encapsulated region 22. Once solidified, as shown, the wires within the encapsulated region 22 are locked in place and the anchor 18 is secured to the end of the cable. Some kind of feature to transmit a load to the cable is usually included. In this example, the load feature 21 takes the form of a “loop” or loop.
    [018] Other types of high performance terminations can be made without using an encapsulating compound to secure the cable wires to the anchor. Fig. 10 shows an assembly that is commonly referred to as a "pin and cone" termination. A certain length of strands is separated in cavity 20, as in the example using encapsulation. However, instead of using encapsulating compounds, the wires are mechanically fixed. Cone 62 is inserted in the center of the strands. Compression plug 64 is then threaded into the open end of anchor 18 via threaded fitting 66. The wires are then mechanically secured in place.
    [019] It is possible to combine the prior art approaches, using, for example, the encapsulation compound in the configuration with spike and cone of fig. 10. However, after the high performance termination is created, the result is quite efficient. Termination efficiencies greater than 90% are possible. Also, anchor 18 can be quite strong. For example, the anchor can be made of stainless steel so that it can withstand an abusive environment. Such termination is advantageous in many cases where a synthetic rope can be used to replace steel rope or other more traditional materials. Invention Summary
    [020] The present invention comprises a method for creating a composite cable having at least one high performance termination on at least one end. A high-performance termination is added to one end of a short synthetic member that exerts tensile strength. The mechanical strength of the member exerting tensile strength and of the termination is then tested. Once satisfactorily tested, the short rope is spliced into a long rope of the same type using prior art splicing techniques. Combining the short cable and the long cable creates a "composite" cable having a high performance termination on at least one end. In most applications, it is preferable to set the cable length short so that the braided splice is in a desired location. Brief Description of Drawings
    - Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing the creation of a prior art loop splice; - Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing the continuation of the operation of fig. 1 of the prior art; - Fig. 3 is a prior art cross-sectional elevation view showing the addition of a high-performance termination to one end of a synthetic cable; - Fig. 4 is a perspective view showing a termination of a short cable made in accordance with the present inventive process; - Fig. 5 is a perspective view showing a composite cable made in accordance with the present invention; - Fig. 6 is an elevation view showing an exemplary test jig used to test a short cable made in accordance with the present invention; - Fig. 7 is an elevation view showing a cable of the invention in use on an oil rig; - Fig. 8 is an elevation view showing a cable of the invention being used to lift a load out of the water; - Fig. 9 is an elevation view showing a cable of the invention being used on an excavating crane; and - fig. 10 is a cross-sectional elevation view showing another type of high performance termination. Reference Numerals in Drawings 10 - cable 12 - shoe 14 - separate wires 16 - splice with eye 18 - anchor 20 - cavity 21 - loading feature 22 - encapsulated region 24 - braided section 26 - short cable 28 - drum 30 - loading device load test 32 - oil platform 34 - crane 35 - boom 36 - composite cable 38 - sea surface 40 - sea bed 42 - payload 44 - maximum hook height 46 - lower spray limit 48 - drum 50 - pulley top 52 - digging crane 54 - boom 56 - lifting crane 58 - drag rope 60 - bucket 62 - cone 64 - compression plug 66 - threaded coupling Description of Forms of Achievement
    [021] The present invention is applied to virtually any type of member that exerts tensile strength. Cables are used as examples of elastic strength members in the described embodiments. However, it should be kept in mind that the invention is not limited to cables.
    [022] The main concept of the invention is to create a "short" member that exerts tensile strength having attached one or more high-performance terminations. The "short" assembly is tested so that its payload is known exactly. The "short" mount is then joined to a "long" member that exerts tensile force, using prior art weaving techniques. The result is a composite rope whose overall performance is known from (1) test results done on the "short" assembly, and (2) years of practical knowledge accumulated with respect to the performance of braided splices. The terms "short" and "long" are, of course, vague and will be defined in the context of the invention.
    [023] Fig. 4 shows two components of a composite cable before they are joined together. The short cable 26 includes a high-performance termination that has been coupled to one end as described above. Cable 10 in this example is a "long cable", with no components (hardware) connected. In this example, both cables are made of twisted wires. The drawing does not depict the braid construction in a completely accurate way, as it is quite complex, but the lines show that some of the braid components are twisted in one direction and some are twisted in the opposite direction.
    [024] It is possible to use prior art techniques to create an interlocking splice between these two pieces of cable. Fig. 5 shows the two cable segments joined together by an interlocking splice. The short cable 26 and the long cable 10 are joined by the braided section 24. The result is a much longer "composite" cable.
    [025] The terms "short" and "long" are relative to each other. A "short" cable can be as little as 5 meters or up to 100 meters. A "long" cable can be from 100 meters to several kilometers in length. When the terms "short" and "long" are used in this description, it should be understood that the long cable is 5 or more times longer than the short cable. Determining the length of each component is usually dictated by the application, as will be explained later.
    [026] A detailed explanation of prior art braiding techniques used in cable splices is beyond the scope of this description, but some general explanations may be useful. A braided splice is applicable to any member exerting tensile strength made with multiple strands, as long as the strands are arranged in some orderly fashion. Cable strands are usually braided or twisted, braided being the most common. A permanent joint can be created between two cables (or two parts of a single cable) by partially unbraiding the wires and then intertwining them. Braided splices can be used to form a “loop” or loop at the end of a cable. They can also be used to join the ends of two cables together.
    [027] In general, a section of fully untwisted wire is created at the end of one cable, and a section of slack (not yet untwisted) wire is created at the end of a second cable. The fully untwisted yarns in the first cable are then braided in the gaps between the slackened yarns in the second cable, in a repetitive and already established manner. A specified number of weaves are created. Any excess material from the strands of the first cable is then removed, and the free ends are secured by any suitable method, such as by tape winding or pressing.
    [028] The creation of a proper braided splice is a specialized job that is usually performed by a specialist trained in wire handling. Fortunately, these experts are common in industries that need high strength cabling. When done correctly, a braided splice is capable of maintaining maximum cable break strength.
    [029] The weaving techniques are very old, as most were developed in the age of sailing ships. The performance of such braided splices is well understood and - perhaps just as important - they have great reliability in the industries where they are used. For more details on accepted braid splicing techniques, see “The Splicing Handbook, 2nd Edition” (“The Splicing Handbook, 2nd Edition”), published by International Marine (ISBN 0-07-135438-7).
    [030] Terminations such as those shown in figs. 3 and 10, are preferably raised under controlled conditions. This usually involves a production facility at a factory, although a smaller scale facility can also be set up to create terminations. In the case of an encapsulated termination, the alignment of the cable and anchor is preferably maintained during the curing time of the encapsulating compound. This could take a day or even longer. Furthermore, the alignment of the wires within the cable also dictates the creation of a constrained length of cable that extends outside the anchor.
    [031] The mixing ratios of the encapsulating compound are important, as well as other factors such as the ambient temperature. Preferably, many conditions are controlled to create a strong, reproducible result. Even with the best process controls, however, some critical applications simply require the cable/anchor mounting assembly to be tested.
    [032] Fig. 6 schematically depicts a test jig for a short cable 26 having an anchor 18 attached. Ropes made from synthetic filaments tend to have low surface friction and are not easy to grip. It is often important to apply very high tensile loads in testing. In many cases, they will be a significant fraction of the cable's calculated breaking strength. Thus, it is often not possible to apply this magnitude of voltage through a device that simply holds the outside of the cable. Likewise, it is not desirable to tie a portion of the rope around a loading device, as tying drastically reduces the mechanical strength of the rope.
    [033] Fig. 6 shows one end of the short cable 26 wrapped around the drum 28. It is possible to wind several turns of the cable around a drum of suitable diameter, and thus secure the free end of the cable without forcing it too hard. The load testing device 30 is coupled to the anchor 18 by means of a hook or the like. Voltage can then be applied through load tester 30 while drum 28 is held in position. In another version, the load tester 30 can be held in a fixed position while torque is applied to the drum. Other ways to get tested are obviously possible.
    [034] The result of the test is that the cable can be certified as having been loaded to a specified magnitude, with no resulting problems. Any defect in the manufacturing of components or in the assembly process can thus be reliably detected.
    [035] Returning now to fig. 5, it has been explained that the short cable 26 is joined to the long cable 10 using known braiding ("splicing") techniques. When correctly executed, the braided section 24 will have a breaking strength equal to or greater than the breaking strength of the rope itself. As previously described, the breaking strength of the high-performance termination (created by attaching anchor 18) will typically be somewhat less than the breaking strength of the rope (though quite close, possibly).
    [036] Thus, in the assembly of fig. 5 the "weak point" is termination. However, the termination has been tested (eg by the jig in figure 6) and certified to exceed a specified breaking strength. Thus, the assembly as a whole in fig. 5 (a "composite cable") can be certified as having a breaking strength greater than the tested magnitude.
    [037] At this point, it may be natural to question why a composite cable is needed instead of the anchor simply being coupled to one end of the long cable 10, dispensing with the need for the braiding process. There are several reasons why this approach would not be desirable. First, the long cable 10 is often unusually long. It is not uncommon for this cable to be 5,000 meters or more in length. Such cable is usually wound around a large, heavy drum. It's not simple to move such a large cable and bring it into a controlled installation to add an anchor.
    [038] Second, it is generally true that a test like the one shown in fig. 6 must be performed by a device at one end of the cable that engages the anchor, and by a device at the other end that engages the free end of the cable. Thus, the length of the cable being tested determines the length of the device needed to test it. For example, it is not preferable to hook a synthetic cable at some midpoint and then apply considerable tension. The test in fig. 6 shows the free end of the cable being wound around a drum, and held. It may take five or ten turns to properly secure the cable to the drum. Application of the coiled drum at the midpoint of the rope would likely produce slippage between the rope strands, and a degradation of rope performance. Therefore, the cable must be tested by holding it by the ends and applying tension to it.
    [039] Therefore, the distance between the drum and the load tester 30 will determine the length of cable that can be tested. A large installation may have a test device that is 50 meters long, but a longer device is rare. It is generally not feasible, either, to have a "moving" endpoint, such as a moving vehicle. Static testing of such cables often requires large pulling forces - such as 250,000 lbs (113,391 kgf). No vehicle remains stationary during the application of such force. Even static structures must be carefully designed to withstand such forces.
    [040] Since one of the significant features of the present invention is the actual testing of high performance termination, it is important that the short cable 26 has only a moderate length. Preferably, it should be less than 100 meters long and, in fact, it can be much shorter. The length selected for the short cable 26 will, of course, determine the location of the braided section.
    [041] Returning now to fig. 5, it should be noted that the braided section 24 is thicker than the other portions of the composite cable. This additional thickness can cause problems when the braided section passes over pulleys or other devices. Thus, the location of the braided section is preferably considered when creating a composite cable. Pulleys and other feeding devices can be designed to accommodate the additional thickness of the braided section 24. However, it is generally not desirable for the braided section 24 to pass around a pulley or other bend while it is heavily loaded.
    [042] Fig. 7 shows a representative application for a composite cable made in accordance with the present invention. Crane 34 is mounted on oil rig 32, just above sea surface 38. Composite cable 36 extends down into the water where it is connected to payload 42 which rests on seabed 40. In this example simple, the seabed 40 may be at a depth of 3,000 meters below the surface of the sea 38. It is apparent from this diagram that the braided section of the composite cable 36 is well submerged in the water at this point, in fact, , very close to the sea bed 40.
    [043] However, when the crane pulls and rewinds composite cable 36, the braided section is pulled up towards the surface. Fig. 8 shows an enlarged view of the crane 34. The crane 34 includes a drum 48 which is used to pull and rewind the composite cable 36. The jib 35 is tipped with a pulley 50, over which the cable passes. The maximum height of the hook 44 represents the maximum height to which the crane can lift the payload.
    [044] As those skilled in the art should know, the load imposed on the cable by the payload 42 varies substantially depending on whether the payload is immersed in the sea or lifted in the air. The weight of an object immersed in water is reduced by the weight of the volume of water displaced by the object. This concept is often referred to as the Archimedes Principle. For a typical solid structure, its weight in water is less than half its weight in air.
    [045] Crane designers working in marine applications carefully consider the Archimedes Principle. The water surface is not stationary in marine applications, and moves with every ripple that passes. Thus, there is often no clearly defined surface level. Instead, engineers refer to a "splash zone" having a lower limit and an upper limit. They assume that the payload can be lifted above water anywhere within this "spray zone".
    [046] It is the lower end of the spray zone that is often most important. The lower spray limit 46 is shown in fig. 8. Any time the payload 42 is lifted above this height, it can, in fact, be free of water and the composite cable will then be subjected to the full weight of the load in the air.
    [047] In this marine application, designers may decide that the braided section of the composite cable needs to be on drum 48 before payload 42 is raised above the lower spray limit 46. They may further conclude that the braided section needs to be five turns in the drum, between the section itself and the used portion of the rope when the payload 42 is raised above the lower spray limit 46. These criteria represent examples of design constraints that determine the length of the short rope 26 in a specific application.
    [048] Fig. 9 shows another application, with different selection criteria. The digging crane 52 has a large boom 54 with an upper pulley 50 attached. Hoist rope 56 passes through upper pulley 50 and down to bucket 60. Drag rope 58 pulls bucket 60 towards the crane cab during the dig cycle.
    [049] In this example, the braided section 24 is located above the anchor 18, enough to prevent it from being in the very hostile environment around the bucket and associated components. However, the braided section 24 is also located low enough that it is never pulled over the upper pulley 50 during normal operation of the digging crane.
    [050] The advantages offered by a composite cable built with a short cable, having a high performance coupled termination, connected to a long cable, are thus perceived. Additional optional features and combinations include: 1. Attach a short cable, having a high-performance termination, to both ends of a long cable; 2. Coupling a short cable to a long cable using splices with an interlocking eye as shown in fig. two; and 3. Coupling a short cable to a long cable using other known and reliable techniques.
    [051] Although the above description contains significant details, it is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, but rather as illustrating preferred embodiments of the invention. Those skilled in the art will be able to develop many other embodiments to carry out the present invention. Thus, the content used in the claims must in fact define the invention, rather than the specific embodiments provided.
    权利要求:
    Claims (8)
    [0001]
    1. Method for creating a composite cable (10, 24, 26), characterized in that it comprises: a. providing a short cable (26) having a first end and a second end; B. locking the second end of said short cable (26) to said termination; ç. applying a defined test load to said short cable (26) wherein said defined test load is applied across said termination to determine whether said short cable (26) and said termination pass a defined test criterion ; d. providing a long cable (10) having a first end and a second end; and is. after said short rope (26) passes said defined test criterion, joining said first end of said short rope (26) to said second end of said long rope (10) to form said composite rope (10, 24 , 26) having a termination at one end.
    [0002]
    Method according to claim 1, characterized in that: - the step of locking said second end of said short cable (26) to said termination comprises creating a termination in said second end of said long cable (10) by coupling a anchor (18) to said second end of said short cable (26); and - the step of applying a defined test load to said short cable (26) comprises applying said defined test load through said anchor (18).
    [0003]
    Method according to claim 1, characterized in that said termination comprises an anchor (18) which is locked to said second end of said short cable (26) by means of encapsulation.
    [0004]
    A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said termination comprises an anchor (18) which is secured to said second end of said short cable (26) using a spike and cone connection.
    [0005]
    Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said joining of said first end of said short cable (26) to said second end of said long cable (10) is performed by interweaving a section of said cable short (26) on said long cable (10).
    [0006]
    Method according to claim 3, characterized in that said joining of said first end of said short cable (26) to said second end of said long cable (10) is performed by interweaving a section of said short cable ( 26) on said long cable (10).
    [0007]
    Method according to claim 4, characterized in that said joining of said first end of said short cable (26) to said second end of said long cable (10) is performed by interweaving a section of said short cable ( 26) on said long cable (10).
    [0008]
    A method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 7, characterized in that it further comprises: a. providing a second short cable (26), having a first end and a second end; B. provide a second termination; ç. locking said second end of said second short cable (26) to said second termination; d. applying a defined test load to said second short cable (26), wherein said defined test load is applied across said second termination, to determine whether said second short cable (26) and said second termination pass in a defined test criteria; and is. after said second short cable (26) passes said defined test criterion, joining said first end of said second short cable (26) to said first end of said long cable (10).
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    法律状态:
    2020-04-07| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2021-04-27| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-07-06| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-08-31| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 22/01/2016, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US14/611,685|2015-02-02|
    US14/611,685|US9791337B2|2015-02-02|2015-02-02|Versatile termination method for long cables|
    PCT/US2016/014466|WO2016126439A1|2015-02-02|2016-01-22|Versatile termination method for long cables|
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